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Abbreviations are as follows: DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; Treg cell, regulatory T cell; IRF5, interferon regulatory factor 5; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2; LXR, liver X receptor; AREG, amphiregulin; Arg1, arginase-1; IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4; PPARg, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GAL-3, galectin-3; TGF, transforming growth factor; IC, immune complex; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; ATF3, activating transcription factor 3; and SOCS, silencer of cytokine signaling.
Delivery of SOCS subsequently inhibits epithelial STAT activation, leading to the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator production.
Bourdonnay and colleagues also identified trans-cellular delivery of SOCS (vesicular suppressor of cytokine signaling) proteins as another unique form of intercommunica- tion between AMs and epithelial cells; this mechanism also plays important roles in the resolution of inflammation in the lung (Bourdonnay et al.
Delivery of SOCS proteins is actively inhibited in response to cigarette smoke, suggesting that it is a modifiable response during the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses.
Transcellular delivery of vesicular SOCS proteins from macrophages to epithelial cells blunts inflammatory signaling.
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